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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews</loc>
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    <lastmod>2021-01-16</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2018/8/17/nader-hashemi-danny-postel-sectarianization-mapping-the-new-politics-of-the-middle-east</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-08-23</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Reviews - Nader Hashemi &amp; Danny Postel, Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2018/7/15/severed-poetics-a-review-of-mbembe</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-07-18</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1531668921104-QR7ABTZVGKYVUDAULET5/978-1-77614-050-3-critique_1200.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - A Severed Poetics: A Review of Mbembe's Critique of Black Reason</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2018/7/2/the-breadwinner-or-the-cinema-as-secular-hegemony</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-07-03</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Reviews - The Breadwinner; or, The Cinema as Secular Hegemony</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1530586102033-VQBD38WGNF983VAE0SSU/tr.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - The Breadwinner; or, The Cinema as Secular Hegemony</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1530586222688-TTH1SLRQWXM9QBU9RJO4/tr.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - The Breadwinner; or, The Cinema as Secular Hegemony</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1530586341560-WBZCIHGOIYKWIP23A665/tr.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - The Breadwinner; or, The Cinema as Secular Hegemony</image:title>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2018/5/9/thomas-pierret-religion-and-state-in-syria-the-sunni-ulama-from-coup-to-revolution</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-05-10</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1525915356299-AN7LBG4DDY0M3DRPDTCA/syr.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - Thomas Pierret, Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2018/1/28/charles-r-lister-the-syrian-jihad-al-qaeda-the-islamic-state-and-the-evolution-of-an-insurgency-oxford-university-press-2015-500-pp-2495-pbk-isbn-9780190462475</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-01-29</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1517214720830-X1FJXDCOZBH9IVKT6V3L/aaa.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - Charles R. Lister, The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2017/12/27/secrets-and-aporias-in-ibn-al-arabi-and-derrida-a-review-essay-of-ian-almonds-sufism-and-deconstruction</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2017-12-29</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1514408840528-UB9206VI5BHYIY5VRRG0/derrida+image.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - Secrets and Aporias in Ibn al-Arabi and Derrida: A Review Essay of Ian Almond’s Sufism and Deconstruction</image:title>
      <image:caption>Image Credit: Paul Hoi</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/what-are-the-foucauldians-dreaming-about-a-review-essay-of-behrooz-ghamari-tabrizis-foucault-in-iran</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2019-02-09</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502635418150-NMUQ5A9K0TBGQYYOURO0/foucault+better+photo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - What are the Foucauldians Dreaming About?: A Review Essay of Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi’s Foucault in Iran</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502635541175-0FF33RK3MSOYQLZ9OT1P/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - What are the Foucauldians Dreaming About?: A Review Essay of Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi’s Foucault in Iran</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2017/4/18/asghar-farhadi-a-separation</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2017-12-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492558744748-MTVCTH2HL9KRI4PG4ARE/image-asset.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - Asghar Farhadi, A Separation</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2017/3/1/rian-thum-the-sacred-routes-of-uyghur-history</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2017-12-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1488381558123-35GTXRPY8GQAARQ1PQ61/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - Rian Thum, The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History</image:title>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/2017/2/7/nvare2v46vs3feqgjjoq6noyfptubu</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2017-12-22</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1486508592734-VI78GVDLSCU4SYA021JM/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reviews - Yahya Michot, Ibn Taymiyyah: Muslims Under Non-Muslim Rule</image:title>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/category/new</loc>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Jalil+Kochai</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/The+Mongol+Empire</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Islamic+government</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/sites+of+consumption+for+Han+tourists</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Yahya+Michot%27s+Ibn+Taymiyyah%3A+Muslims+Under+Non-Muslim+Rule</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Muhammad+Abd+as-Salam+Faraj</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Shaykh+Abdul+Aziz+b.+Salih+b.+Sulayman+al+Jarbu</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Deconstruction</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/East+Turkistan+Republic</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Darren+Byler</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Ibn+al-Arabi</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/modern+Afghanistan</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Rian+Thum%27s+The+Sacred+Routes+of+Uyghur+History</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/People%E2%80%99s+Republic+of+China</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Muhammad+b.+Abdullah+al-Masari</loc>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Derrida</loc>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/emigrate+to+the+lands+of+Islam</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Safi+al-Din+al-Hilli</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/The+Mongol+Empire+of+Iran</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Sufism</loc>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/less+radical</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/domain+of+war</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Uyghur+Muslims</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/film+review</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Asghar+Farhadi%E2%80%99s+A+Separation</loc>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/book+review</loc>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Uyghur+Islamic+cultural+life</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Under+the+Skin+of+the+City</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Uyghur+politicians</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Shaykh+Abdullah+Yusuf+Azzam</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Hadrami+Yemeni+descendants+of+Prophet+Muhammad</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/indigenous+sovereignty</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Turkic+people</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/domain+of+peace</loc>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/The+Academy+Award+for+Best+Foreign+Language+Film+in+2012</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Ian+Almond</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Jamil+Jan+Kochai</loc>
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    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/film+theorist+B%C3%A9la+Bal%C3%A1zs</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Rakhshan+Bani-E%27temad%E2%80%99s+Iranian+New+Wave+film</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Farhadi%E2%80%99s+mise+en+sc%C3%A8ne</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/13th+century+Muslim+theologian</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/reviews/tag/Brinkley+Messick%E2%80%99s+1992+ethnography+The+Calligraphic+State</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-01-13</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/2018/1/12/rohingya</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-01-14</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515814053385-ZFOP9QQWMPWIWJUJP5BP/01.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>There are two main types of Rohingya refugee camps: makeshift camps and government-operated camps recognized by the Bangladeshi state. The former frequently spring out of the latter, though it is difficult to tell where one ends and the other begins, as refugees frequently set up new camps adjacent to existing ones. Since the upsurge in violence against the Rohingya in August 2017, the makeshift Kutupalong camp and surrounding camps at Ghumdum, Balukhali, and Thangkhali have swelled rapidly and merged into one another. The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) refers to this collective settlement as the Kutupalong-Balukhali expansion site. The pictured favela consists of hundreds of improvised homes that offer little protection from the environment. When it rains, water floods the camps, making it impossible for refugees to sleep on the dirt floors of their dwellings. These homes are equally uninhabitable when it is warm, because the plastic roofing covering most of them absorbs heat very easily.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515815283006-00A7HV9E8XFFV7ZTIXDG/12.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rohingya carrying their belongings over harsh terrain. Many Rohingya refugees are forced to walk through sites clustered with landmines in order to reach safety. This group crossed the border and arrived on the shores of Bangladesh at 4 am. They are fortunate compared to the nearly four thousand Rohingya stuck at the border of Myanmar.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515815412120-LYADLOZE6ZL6XKDXNB45/11.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>Many Rohingya refugees use boats like these to cross the Naf River. They pay smugglers a fee of about £40 per person in order to fare the dangerous journey from Myanmar to Bangladesh. These smugglers, however, frequently overload boats in the hopes of earning a larger profit. Hundreds have drowned as a product of such boats capsizing. Other Rohingya cannot even attempt the perilous trip to Bangladesh, as they cannot afford to pay the smugglers.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515815098132-19IOAOHQLZCK4WRDBTWU/09.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>Hundreds of refugees have crossed into Bangladesh using this makeshift bamboo bridge built by Friendship, a Bangladeshi non-governmental organization. This precarious bridge has served as a replacement for the one that preceded it, which collapsed under heavy rains. The Myanmar border lies across the water.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515815158415-NTTYWVSFG83ODVRYFIDY/09.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>Until the recent influx of refugees, most villages along the Bangladeshi border with Myanmar were very quiet places. Now, village roads are so densely crowded that it is difficult to walk through them with ease; many people have died as a result of trucks running over or falling on top of them. A number of Rohingya have also died at the hands of the local population of wild elephants, which occasionally stampedes through the area and tramples those in its path. In response to these factors, the Bangladeshi army has evacuated many makeshift camps along the roadside. In this photo, locals are building brick roads in order to make the reception of humanitarian aid more efficient. The extant roads are very narrow and unable to accommodate both vehicles and the masses of people walking beside them. Further, frequent rain leaves them too muddy for travel. As a result, the most needy areas along the Bangladeshi border remain deprived of an already limited amount of aid.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515815220751-4RIUMH0HNZOUH68GRZZN/03.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pictured here are donated packages of food in transit. The scarcity of food and the severe disorganization of its distribution frequently give rise to brawls between refugees. Because not every camp has access to aid, recent arrivals to Bangladesh sometimes walk for 10 to 20 days before acquiring food. Many refugees are also forced to sell their belongings in order to purchase food. Others – most frequently those with no possessions to sell – turn to sex work. Since the Bangladeshi army assumed control over food distribution, every charity and humanitarian aid organization has had to work through it in order to disburse aid.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515814386003-POEOMZOXFR4JKPMYLVF3/04.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>A humanitarian aid organization and Bangladeshi locals set up this madrassa for new refugee arrivals. Both locals and refugees take great care of such ad hoc facilities. Although Rohingya refugees are largely illiterate, nearly all can read and recite the Qurʾan.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515814592729-I4974QN2DX9CFR2MA8S6/06.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>Most dwellings in Rohingya refugee camps appear like this on the inside. Many women and girls avoid venturing outside of these makeshift homes to avoid being kidnapped by traffickers or local criminals. In this sense, the immediate threat of sexual violence is present in both Myanmar and Bangladesh. The child in the photo did not own any clothing.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515814458775-OOCZYLRWF8OYA0VX1O0E/05.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>The living conditions in most refugee camps are unsanitary. Because there are few toilets, people relieve themselves wherever they can locate privacy. As a result, when it rains, water and feces flood the camps. Many of the children who are exposed to these unhygienic conditions are naked and barefoot. While international development organizations like Building Resources Across Communities (BRAC) have been building toilets (though few in the West would recognize them as such), these facilities are shared between literally thousands of people.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515816199229-AY91DUH6DRTPKKHGPEQD/aaa.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>This elderly man was beaten by the Burmese military so severely that he has not been able to stop shaking since. Medical experts have suggested that his nerve endings may be damaged. The vast majority of Rohingya refugees who survived the journey to Bangladesh have severe health complications. However, the local hospital is very small and can only accommodate a small fraction of the injured.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1515815469296-QGNQRVPQ4QXK04YKRVGN/13.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Afterlife of Genocide</image:title>
      <image:caption>This photo is from Sadar Hospital in Cox’s Bazaar – a town on Bangladesh’s southeast coast. The child’s legs were burnt by Burmese soldiers; one is also broken. The hospital is full of children with broken limbs and women recovering from rape. Most had to walk on foot for 10 to 15 days in such physical conditions before reaching the Bangladeshi border.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/2017/8/6/in-the-shadow-of-the-occupation</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2018-01-13</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012231182-LNXIN9OJ72G1HR5NCJUB/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012261999-VF8DZ2BCG8QU8QQBSPUI/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012301712-0UX36KSWR899AP6WH00Y/Rooftop+View.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012329639-HH9FM1NFUDN1STLX941N/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012357694-393SYRZQMJMV9CD3U1M2/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012387701-QWDVAKYDZWQV9N5A4MVI/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012408963-0WTRJAKDRDFP0TZ4LCB4/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012469746-2LFPTW7XPBEJQKAEBP8G/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012484061-BF20JAZESEICRNQH0IP4/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1502012436017-KOOSF4F37LSYBY520KJ7/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - In the Shadow of the Occupation</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/2017/4/20/imagining-re-engineered-muslims-in-northwest-china</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2017-12-24</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492739395313-6J47Q97Z74NGP8YYPZZU/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Prohibiting haram products is an excuse to interfere with the normal behavior of others.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492739590787-BIQ487WENWR7U9TVVMJH/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>A black and white reproduction of a Uyghur farmer propaganda poster from Mekit County, Kashgar Prefecture, in 1975. The caption reads: “Intellectual youth learning horse shoeing.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492739774760-TWRAILG3695FN7NXSTMA/Picture1.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>An award-winning Uyghur farmer painting that responds to the Chinese President Xi Jinping’s 2014 call for the Uyghur masses to slaughter Uyghurs suspected of terrorism like vermin.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492739927551-0YK8YNENR80OPUKPQZHF/large10+copy.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Interfering with the normal life of others by prohibiting them to listen to the radio or watch TV is an act of religious extremism”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492739979240-KDPLIKXKQ8FNFUAJDOM7/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Forcing students to believe in religion is illegal religious behavior.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740165682-PBDA5EB05S9OIT3OEK8U/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Prohibiting haram products is an excuse to interfere with the normal behavior of others.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740188277-RG60VFCQX4I9OFY5O2XI/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Wearing ethnic costumes is a way of inheriting and carrying forward ethnic culture, wearing a burka is a betrayal of ethnic culture.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740224014-UMUXUX7OJ6QANZE8Z4H9/large9+copy.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Discriminating against those who do not worship and do not fast by not eating the food they prepare is a form of religious extremism.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740284609-834W9MI5JHOL6Z18BOFB/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Do not prevent others from playing music, singing and dancing at wedding ceremonies.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740333608-0HRKDMJLTEUX9PG81IS8/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“A nikah (Islamic marriage ceremony) without a marriage certificate is illegal.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740398275-LB6GVA5TISXO8336INEO/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Reading a talaq divorce (Islamic divorce procedure) without fulfilling legal procedures is illegal."</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740442655-8XKQ9D78LA9PM1E0C2ZB/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Teaching informal groups or the private instruction of talip (followers of Islamic teachers) is a form of illegal religious behavior.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740514265-RRISTFSAVMWTAETF3A00/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Listening to illegal teachers is a form of illegal religious activity.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740562115-87T828XPLGUFWVOPWU6X/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Prohibiting the relatives of the dead from crying and performing filial piety in the nazir (Islamic funeral ritual) is a form of religious extremism.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740613571-DU6EC1EXQKZR8UC34H85/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Unite as one heart, crack down on the ‘Three Forces.’”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740666609-SH13VPE2I8B0E3WZT7Q1/large5+copy.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Build a net over the sky and traps across the earth (asmanda tor, yerde qapqan) so that terrorists have nowhere to hide, no way to escape.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740696101-NLV60ZI1VGKPA0NQ89Y9/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“The use of the Internet to download and disseminate violent terroristic audio and video content will be subject to severe (qattiq) legal punishment.”[2]</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740754366-3HLNHVZYOOF3OSLKCE95/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Crack down on the ‘three forces’ to maintain social stability!”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1492740804891-QCZVZZKWWOURJLGNCBWW/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China</image:title>
      <image:caption>Establish a legal consciousness, recognize the reactionary nature of the “three forces!”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/2017/2/1/l8kpx8dnljizw6muit9u05hh329vgx</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2017-06-04</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485978778250-DBK3OVTOS58LZGCL7U6N/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - I see the Unthinkable</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485978892856-7DZ2TKNFMEJD8R9UMN3I/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - I see the Unthinkable</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485978967570-F3B30FV43N0XHZNIAYNK/merry+christmas.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - I see the Unthinkable</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485979012238-KJ8AKFHNWUKXS73WNKHZ/passports.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - I see the Unthinkable</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485979053074-QYPDVT71ZL4EOK3LVSE2/tamer.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - I see the Unthinkable</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485979185147-E2H2QHEK2QCEVR8L17Z1/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - I see the Unthinkable</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485979281931-TRGNGWVVF3RAA9MAZ093/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photo Essays - I see the Unthinkable</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Chinese+citizenship</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/photo+essay</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Bashar+al-Assad%27s+army</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/epistemic+violence</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/prohibiting+haram</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/demolishment+of+mosques</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Southern+Xinjiang</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Uyghur+mollas</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Islamic+norms+of+respect</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/The+Islamic+Movement+of+Uzbekistan</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/rectification+of+Islam</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Mekit+County+Kashgar+Prefecture</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/believers+in+Seghin+Soget</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/University+of+Syria</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Mao+Zedong%E2%80%99s+Cultural+Revolution+in+1966</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  </url>
  <url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/modern-secular+project</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  </url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  </url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/news+from+Northwestern+China</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Uyghur+Islamic+knowledge</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  <url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/photo-essays/tag/Uyghur+Muslims</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  <url>
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  <url>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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  </url>
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      <image:caption>Fig. 1 – Close-up image of a battle scene from an Ottoman manuscript. The man brandishes the Holy Mantle in its reliquary perhaps to channel divine intervention, but more importantly to connect the Ottomans to the Prophet Muhammad. (Source: Hilmi Aydin, Pavilion of the Sacred Relics: The Sacred Trusts)</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/articles/2017/6/2/uyghur-names-as-signal-and-noise</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-08-30</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1496443034520-G10W985KQY2J62GXIZE0/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - Uyghur Names as Signal and Noise</image:title>
      <image:caption>A Mass “Anti-Noise” Rally at Xinjiang University on May 10, 2017.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1496443177289-YRF9R4RJBOACJBPBHOLU/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - Uyghur Names as Signal and Noise</image:title>
      <image:caption>List of restricted names that was circulated throughout Xinjiang in April 2017. Source of the list.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1496443211619-WD7CI1PKCL7FTR0837RG/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - Uyghur Names as Signal and Noise</image:title>
      <image:caption>A detail from another list of banned names that has been circulated recently in Khotan Prefecture. The banned boys names are as follows: 1. Billadin (Bin-Laden), 2. Sadam, 3. Huseyin (Hussain), 4. Erafat, 5. Mujayit, 9. Seyulla, 10. Guldulla, 11. Seyidin, 12. Zikrulla, 13. Nesrulla. Banned girls names are as follows: 1. Asanet, 2. Muslime, 3. Mukhlise, 4. Munise, 5. A’ishe.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/articles/2017/5/8/deadly-milestone</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-08-30</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1494271306654-0DENQJA413XPR7J7VQ5N/18387292_477591459248670_503812458_n.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - Deadly Milestone</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1494267088887-DYW350GTVBT9SVAL6S9F/police+firing+hefazat.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - Deadly Milestone</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1494270386226-IX42DZ8MMGY32Y7162I1/clash+hefazat.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - Deadly Milestone</image:title>
      <image:caption>Photo Credit: Atish Saha</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/articles/2017/2/21/blackness-and-futurity-malcolm-x</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2017-12-24</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1487707506468-PRTK6RQKSRN6TMFXZXLY/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - Blackness and Futurity: Malcolm X</image:title>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.milestonesjournal.net/articles/2017/1/28/the-syrian-war-and-the-western-lefts-myopia</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2020-08-30</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/588c2af8be659421ed624113/1485668385032-PGUMDE0JSLNK2T231HG8/image-asset.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Articles - The Syrian War and the Western Left’s Myopia</image:title>
      <image:caption>Deluge © Imranovi. “My main message was spreading the news. But now after this amount of time, everybody knows what’s happening. So now the purpose of my art is to say this is us, whatever you can do, think just about these people.”</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
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    <lastmod>2020-04-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - Kashmir: The Hindu nationalist, the liberal, and the logics of coloniality</image:title>
      <image:caption>For the Kashmiri Muslim who desires liberation, i.e. Azadi, from India, two common responses have historically emerged. First,  Indian liberals (and, liberals in general) pathologize this desire,  turning it into an illness and an  abnormality that ought to be explained, accounted for, and remedied. It is argued that something must have caused the Kashmiri Muslim, who is now seen as a patient of sorts, to have this desire.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - Shapla: 10 Year Anniversary</image:title>
      <image:caption>ঈসায়ী ২০১৩ সালের মে মাসের ৫ তারিখ বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাসে্ এক মাইল ফলক। এর আগে থেকেই স্বাধীনতার সপক্ষের শক্তি বলে কথিত বাঙ্গালী জাতিবাদী লিঞ্ছিং মবরা লাগাতার চলতে থাকা শাহাবাগ আন্দোলনে মব জাস্টিস কায়েম করে ফেলে। শহীদ আবদুল কাদের মোল্লাকে প্রহসনের বিচারে যাবজ্জীবন সাজা দেওয়ার পরেও মন ভরে নাই রক্তপিপাসু এই শাহাবাগী হায়েনার দলের। তারা দল বেঁধে রাস্তায় নেমে জনজীবন পর্যুদস্ত করে ফেলে। সাধারন মানুষকে জিম্মি বানিয়ে তথাকথিত যুদ্ধপরাধীর ফাঁসী চাইতে থাকে। মার্কিন দেশেও রক্তপিপাসু বর্নবাদী সাদা লিঞ্ছিং মবরাও দল বেঁধে অরাজক পরিস্থিতি তৈরির ভিতর দিয়ে অভিযুক্ত কালোকে ন্যায্য সুবিচারের সকল সুযোগ বঞ্চিত করে, ঘৃনা ছড়ানোর ভিতর দিয়ে জনসমক্ষে হত্যা করতো।</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - The Rockets that Explode History</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Taliban, Near Victory: Winning Against Empire as Covid -19 Looms* “The withdrawal of foreign forces, in excess of 130,000 at its height in 2014, if completed, would make the Taliban the most potent and formidable political and military force in Afghanistan; leaving it in the position to determine the political future of the nation, along with their primary sponsors, Pakistan and the Gulf Arab states, particularly Saudi Arabia and Qatar, as well as Iran, which also, surprisingly, contributed significantly to Taliban military efforts in the west and northwest, coordinated by the Pasdaran/IRGC/Quds Force from 2010-2016. The Taliban insurgency has thus become one of the longest and most successful insurgencies in modern world history, as well as in the five centuries of Muslim resistance to western imperialism.”</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Taliban, Near Victory:Winning Against Empire as Covid -19 Looms* The withdrawal of foreign forces, in excess of 130,000 at its height in 2014, if completed, would make the Taliban the most potent and formidable political and military force in Afghanistan; leaving it in the position to determine the political future of the nation, along with their primary sponsors, Pakistan and the Gulf Arab states, particularly Saudi Arabia and Qatar, as well as Iran, which also, surprisingly, contributed significantly to Taliban military efforts in the west and northwest, coordinated by the Pasdaran/IRGC/Quds Force from 2010-2016. The Taliban insurgency has thus become one of the longest and most successful insurgencies in modern world history, as well as in the five centuries of Muslim resistance to western imperialism.”</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - Good and Bad Muslims in Xinjiang</image:title>
      <image:caption>Good and Bad Muslims in Xinjiang “From Beijing’s point of view, of course, all this is of secondary importance. In official rhetoric it was the arrival of ‘Pan-Turkism’ and ‘Pan-Islamism’ at the turn of the twentieth century that laid the foundations for today’s violent extremism. But here too, history can complicate things. These twentieth-century ideologies did not automatically bring with them a critique of Chinese rule in Xinjiang, and more frequently expressed hope for anti-colonial collaboration with China. The 2019 White Paper cites Masʿud Sabri and Muhämmämd Imin Bughra as representatives of these radicalising trends, but both men spent considerable portions of their lives working alongside Chinese nationalists in the Guomindang—hardly the CV we would expect from a pair of die-hard extremists. A third much-maligned villain of this period is Sabit Damulla, who served as Prime Minister of the short-lived East Turkistan Republic in 1933–34. Yet, although obviously inspired by ‘Salafist’ theology, there is nothing in his writings to indicate that he felt religiously obligated to engage in anti-Chinese resistance.”</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - On Political Amnesia: Afghan and American Elections Overlook Civilian Killings</image:title>
      <image:caption>On Political Amnesia: Afghan and American Elections Overlook Civilian Killings "President Ghani was forced to fire NDS spy chief Masoum Stanikzai over the murders, marking the first known repercussion the NDS has faced since Ghani took office. The president’s sudden "shock" about civilian casualties is all theatrics, as this is not the first, second or 20th time government killings have taken place. His gesture seemed to be more of a campaign stunt, rather than a substantial change in policy, as Ghani has been confronted with similar stories throughout his tenure as president, which he consistently ignored."</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - “Praying for a Strong Wind”: An Islamist Reading of American(-Muslim) Contradictions</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Praying for a Strong Wind”: An Islamist Reading of American(-Muslim) Contradictions “The police and prison combination is probably the largest force to hinder da'wah activities in Black communities. We are also realizing that inside America, Black people who engage in struggle are treated like terrorists. What Islamists are to America outside in the global War, Blacks are to white-power inside America. This relationship between Islamists and Black strugglers then, is not one of moral solidarity, but rather of an ontological consensus."</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Milestones: Commentary on the Islamic World - Empty Uyghur Mosques During Ramadan in China</image:title>
      <image:caption>Empty Uyghur Mosques During Ramadan in China “Many young Turkic Muslims continued to fast across the Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwest China. At night restaurants were packed with students waiting with slices of watermelon and pieces of bread that had been distributed throughout the restaurant for those who were breaking the fast. The students waited for a silent signal from restaurant workers that it was time for iftar and that they could begin to eat and drink. Few people talked openly about the fast. Those who fasted were the silent majority.”</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi: Transformative Global Event or Flash in the Pan? “Though Khashoggi was very much a pillar of the system and royal court, at most a reformist or ‘unreconstructed democrat,’ MBS still had plenty of motivations to eliminate him…the brand of ‘political Islam’ he favored and championed was a cross between those of the Muslim Brotherhood, Qatar, and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan—namely, MBS’ top three bêtes noires, since they represent the opposite model (within Islam) of the boy King’s own rule.”</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The 2018 Turkish Elections in Mainstream French Media "It is no exaggeration to say that in today’s French mainstream mediascape, Erdoğan is increasingly replacing former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad or even Saddam Hussein as “Foreign Islamist Public Enemy Number One.” He has become a dangerous scare-and-hate figure, l’homme à abattre as the French expression goes (“the man to shoot down”), or at best “The Scary Muslim We Love to Hate.” In other words, he is indeed the geopolitical equivalent of a Tariq Ramadan, and one observes that his fate and treatment in French media is more or less the same."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The Tariq Ramadan Case: A Comprehensive Review "In what follows, I suggest that the truly odd legislative developments in the Ramadan case—the justice of exception we are witnessing at work, which will be addressed in the second half of this article—may be explained at least partially by the national (and to a lesser extent European) context in which they are occurring: a culture characterized by intense and pervasive Islamophobia in general (whose varied manifestations and links to France’s colonial history are beyond the scope of this piece) and more specifically, an already old French campaign to eliminate Ramadan from the intellectual, social, political and religious landscape of the nation."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Distorting Hamas’s Origins: A Response to Mehdi Hasan "This article argues that Hasan’s narrative is not only an impetuous and intellectually dishonest account of a complicated history, but also conceptually flawed. By presenting Islamists as terrorist fanatics created by the very enemy they are fighting, Hasan effaces the crucial role of Islamists in the movement against Israeli colonization, and understates their popular support. Elementary knowledge of the history of the Palestinian cause and Islamism in the Middle East refutes these hasty claims."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>On Biblical Figures in the Islamic Tradition: A Conversation with Younus Mirza "In my work on the Bible and Qur’an, I have often found that early Western authors sought to understand the Qur’an in light of the Biblical tradition. Any difference they found in the Qur’an they saw as a mistake that Muhammad made in understanding or retelling the story. However, more recently scholarship, such as that of Marilyn Waldman, demonstrates that the Qur’an has a particular goal in using Biblical material."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>In the Shadow of the Occupation "In July 2017 I returned to my homeland Afghanistan for the fourth time in my life. With my Canon 70D DSLR in hand, I traveled around the capital city of Kabul and my native province of Logar, capturing images of the ordinary. While Kabul has transformed from a site of strict Islamic order to a dysfunctional modern city controlled by the US-supported Afghan government, much of Logar has remained as it was since I first visited as a child in 1999. Part of this stems from the presence of the Taliban, who have resisted modernization projects in the countryside. Despite - or perhaps because of - these differences, both provinces are important sites at which to trace the shadow of the American occupation."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>A Preliminary Enquiry Concerning Aunties in Contemporary Understanding "A specter is haunting South Asian diasporic youth—the specter of the Aunty. All the diasporic youth of South Asia have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this specter in order to disclose their own modern being. Reviled in her multiple forms, the Aunty is, as Maria Qamar argues, ‘a cross-cultural phenomenon that isn’t limited to a family member; she could be a neighbour, a family friend, or just some lady on the bus who wants to throw some casual black magic your way.’ Magical and entrancing, the Aunty can indeed be found everywhere, awaiting her coming exorcism."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China "Yet despite these variations in the engineering project, capitalist secularism instead of Maoist socialism, much remains the same. As was the case during the Cultural Revolution, in our current moment thousands of mosques are being destroyed, Islamic teachers or mollas and their followers or talip are being imprisoned and placed in indefinite detention in political reeducation labor camps. Of course the rise of transnational communications that has accompanied the secular, colonization of the Uyghur homeland has also given rise to increased reception of global Islamic movements, and this, more than an intensification of indigenous Islamic traditions, is what is driving the Uyghur turn toward reformist Islam."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>On Sociological Polytheism: Reading Crisis in Sayyid Qutb "[Sayyid Qutb's] work operates squarely under the assumption that the state of the Muslim umma is in desperate need of revival. He sought to address how this came to be and suggest ways to actualize an alternative future. Central to this project was his reconceptualization and rearticulation of the long-established term jāhiliyya. The following discussion will take Qutb’s conception of jāhiliyya as its point of departure in examining how he grappled with his perception of the larger epistemological crisis facing the Muslim world."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Demystifying a Warlord: Conflicting Historical Representations of Ahmad Shah Massoud "In this work, I argue that the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the devastating civil war that followed was a period of history that defies encapsulation within binaries of “good” and “evil”. This work examines conflicting historical representations of Ahmad Shah Massoud and his role in these two destructive wars. It aims to demystify the image of a warlord."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>I see the Unthinkable UAE-based artist Imranovi was born and raised in Damascus, though fled his country following the outbreak of conflict to avoid conscription into Bashar Al Assad's army. It was while studying English Literature at University in Syria that he found his passion for graphics and software: a talent he soon began to refine and develop.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens "Why should 'they' hate 'us'"? The very question is on its face absurd, delusional, revealing of an aggregate detachment from reality so virulent in its evasiveness as to be deemed clinically pathological. Setting aside the wholly-contrived “confusion” professed in the aftermath as to who might be properly included under the headings “we” and “they,” the sole legitimate query that might have been posed on 9-1-1 was—and remains—“How could ‘they’ possibly not hate ‘us’?""</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The Illusion of Realism: What is the Future of Muslim Politics? "In our so-called “post-ideological” world, even the most sincere observers have fallen trap to a myth perpetuated by the liberal order: that strategic political action or realpolitik transcends (or is devoid of) ideology. A case in point is the Tunisian Nahda movement’s decision to separate its political activities (primarily its political party) and its da’wah based activities. In 2016 the Nahda movement announced its shift from an “ideological movement engaged in the struggle for identity, to a protest movement against the authoritarian regime, and now to a national democratic party.""</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Uyghur Names as Signal and Noise "In order to accomplish the mission of the “People’s War on Terror,” the Party Secretary of the university Zhou Xuyong declared that all “static” (zaoyin) and “noise” (zayin) would need to be eliminated. Anyone who demonstrated the slightest resonance with unapproved Islamic ideologies was to be purified through a process of “reverse osmosis” (fan shentou). He said the goal was to create an atmosphere in which Uyghur Islamic “extremists” scurried across the street like rats while the public surrounded them screaming their disapproval and beating them in righteous anger."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>In the Afterlife of Genocide "Since August 2017, over 600,000 Rohingya have fled from Myanmar to neighboring Bangladesh. While Bangladesh is a densely populated country and major site of ecological crisis, the government has announced plans to build the world’s largest refugee camp there. The following is a photo essay compiled by two members of the London-based Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC). They arrived in the Chittagong District of Bangladesh in September 2017, during the most recent exodus of Rohingya from Rakhine State."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Deadly Milestone "In the rest of this essay, we examine the consequences of the May 2013 massacre in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We collected written memories, reflections, poems, novellas, videos, other literary and non-literary artifacts in the aftermath of the massacre. These are some of the forms in which the massacre is memorialized within the Islamist counterpublic. These materials are the remaining traces — like dried blood — of the actual sets of events. It is a living archive that not only allows an immanent embodied critique of a secular society, but provides a marginal possibility for a realist speculation in retrospect."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Blackness and Futurity: Malcolm X "Malcolm’s leave to the Hajj is vital. A series of circumstantial instances placed him within a worldly, proximal corporeality, a rich hapticality of the flesh, with an illuminated, emphatic sense of fungibility more external than what reciprocity could provide. Where reciprocity, the vehicle for recognition, is, to its own freely detestable demise, non-exchangeable, the one who lives for recognition nullifies, in the end, from the start, the capacity to attain a freedom independent of the body. He frequents the times he was met with unconditional hospitality and appreciation on behalf of Muslims across complexion and convention."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The Syrian War and the Western Left’s Myopia "Syria's brutal repression of mass demonstrations across Syria in 2011 marked a decisive model of how authoritarian Arab regimes could avoid the fate of Ben Ali in Tunisia and Mubarak in Egypt (and later, Gaddafi in Libya), who were seemingly swept away by popular revolutions, led by a coalition of leftist youth, liberal, constitutionalist reformers, and moderate, democratic Islamists, such as Ennadha and the Muslim Brothers. Bashar al-Assad and his 'Alawi generals and security officials were determined to eradicate the possibility of mass popular participation in political life, which would have made Baathist and 'Alawi control of the Syrian state and economy impossible."</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>A Virtue of Disobedience: A Conversation with Asim Qureshi "I had attended jumu‘ah (Friday prayer) at my local masjid, and taken my two older sons with me. The imam had been speaking of our duty to the state, and in particular was decrying what he called baghy or rebellion. To be honest, I didn’t have much of a problem with some of what he was saying, until he said that it was wrong to protest against the police. After leaving the masjid, I found myself sitting with my boys with the car off, having to explain to them that Islamic scholars do not always get everything right, that sometimes they make mistakes. I told them that regardless of whatever the imam said, it was important that they understood that they should never permit anyone to oppress them..."</image:caption>
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